Jumat, 24 Desember 2010

Jadwal Guru Mulia Al Habib Umar bin Hafidz

Assalamualaikum warahmatullah wabarakatuh.

Rahmat dan kebahagiaan semoga selalu berlimpah pd saudara saudari sekalian,

saudara saudariku yg kumuliakan,
sebagaimana janji saya untuk menampilkan jadwal guru mulia, insya Allah saya penuhi, namun yg saya tampilkan hanya yg saya ketahui betul dg pasti dan siap bertanggungjawab atas kebenarannya, dan siap

menampung massa kita, dan fihak penyelenggara sudah mengadakan kerjasama dg Majelis Rasulullah saw.

1. sabtu 25 desember 2010 magrib berjamaah s/d selesai di gedung dalail, komplek hankam cidodol kebayoran lama jakarta selatan.
umbul2 akan menuntun anda jika sudah di jalan raya keb lama.

2. ahad 26 desember 2010, pk 08.00wib s/d selesai, Haul Imam Fakhrul wujud di tempat yg sama

3. senin 27 desember 2010 pk 20.30 wib s/d selesai tablig dan zikir akbar Majelis Rasulullah saw di Monas

4. jumat 31 desember 2010 pk 20.30 wib s/d selesai tablig dan zikir akbar Majelis Rasulullah saw di Plaza Barat Gelora Bung Karno, Senayan

5. kamis 6 januari 2010 pk 20.30wib s/d selesai di gedung dalail, acara dalail di komplek hankam cidodol kebayoran lama jakarta selatan sekaligus acara penutupan.

pada jumat pagi 7 januari 2010 guru mulia meninggalkan indonesia.

hanya 5 acara diatas yg saya ketahui dan saya siap bertanggungjawab, dan fihak penyelenggara sudah kordinasi dg kita, namun acara kamis 6 januari masih jadwal bayangan yg belum bisa dipastikan kehadiran beliau.

demikian saudara saudariku yg kumuliakan

wallahu a'lam

Munzir Almusawa)

*NB Boleh disebarkan, dan besar kemungkinan acara2 tsb disiarkan di streaming web kita insya Allah.

Teks Qashidah Yahanana..

Zhoharuddinul mu'ayyad bizuhuril hadi ahmad... 2x

Yahanana bi Muhammad..

Zalikal fadhlu minallah...

Yahanana... 8x

Khusso bissab'il ma tsaani

Wahwaa luthful ma'ani

ma lahu fil qolbi tsaani

wa 'alaihi anzalallah

Yahanana..

Athyabul 'alami kholqon

Wa ajallunnasi kholqon

Dzikruhu ghorban wa syarqon

Sa 'iru walhamdulillah

Yahanana...

Mimmaakkatin lamma zhohar

Liajlihin syaqqol qomar

Waftakhorot alu mudhor

Bihi 'ala kullil anam

Yahanana...

Shollu 'ala khoiril anam

Almushthofaa badrittamam

Shollu 'alaihi wasallimmu

Yasy fa' lana yaumuzziham

Yahanana...

Teks Qasidah Shalatun Bissalamil Mubini ( Arabic/ Indo Translate )

Teks ``Sholatun``

صلاةبالسلام المبين

Sholaatun bissalaamil mubiini

لنقطةالتعيين ياغرامي.

Linuqthotitta'iin yaa ghoroomii.

نبي كان أصل التكوين* من عهدكن فيكن ياغرامي.

Nabiyyun kaana ashlattakwiini * min ahdi kun fayakun yaa ghoroomi.

أيا من جائناحقا نذير* مغيثامسبلا سبل الرشاد.

Ayyaa man jaa anaa haqqon nadziiri mughiitsan musbilaan subularrosyaadi.

رسول الله ياضاوي الجبين* ويامن جاءبالحق المبين.

Rosulallaahi yaa dhoowiljabiini * wa yaa man jaa a bil haqqil mubiini.

صلاةلم تزل تتليعليك* معطارالنسيم تهدي إليك

Sholaatullam tazal tutlaa alayka mi thoorin nasiimi tuhdaa ilayka.

Maknanya :

Shalawat serta salam ku persembahkan kepada mu wahai kekasih ku

Sebagai bukti keteguhan ku,wahai Nabi saw (kekasih ku)

Engkaulah sebenar2nya pemberi peringatan pada masa mu

Wahai kekasih ku,wahai Rasulullah saw yang bercahaya wajahnya penunjuk jalan kebenaran

Tak lekang sholawat tercurah pada mu wahai pembawa kebenaran,laksana hembusan angin yang kencang.

wallahu a'lam

Shallu alan nabi...

Majelis Rasulullah SAW.

Nama "Majelis Rasulullah." dalam aktifitas dakwah ini berawal ketika Hb Munzir Almusawa lulus dari Study-nya di Darulmustafa pimpinan Al Allamah Al Habib Umar bin Hafidh Tarim Hadramaut, Yaman. Beliau kembali ke Jakarta dan memulai berdakwah pada tahun 1998 dengan mengajak orang bertobat dan mencintai nabi saw yang dengan itu ummat ini akan pula mencintai sunnahnya, dan menjadikan Rasul saw sebagai Idola.

habib Munzir mulai berdakwah siang dan malam dari rumah kerumah di Jakarta, ia tidur dimana saja dirumah-rumah masyarakat, bahkan pernah ia tertidur di teras rumah orang karena penghuni rumah sudah tidur dan ia tak mau membangunkan mereka di larut malam. Setelah berjalan kurang lebih enam bulan, Hb Munzir memulai membuka Majelis setiap malam selasa *(mengikuti jejak gurunya Al Habib Umar bin Hafidz yang membuka Majelis minggu-an setiap malam selasa), dan ia pun memimpin Ma'had Assa'adah, yang di wakafkan oleh Al Habib Umar bin Hud Alattas di Cipayung, setelah setahun, munzir tidak lagi meneruskan memimpin ma'had tersebut dan melanjutkan dakwahnya dengan menggalang majelis-majelis di seputar Jakarta.

Hb Munzir membuka majelis malam selasa dari rumah kerumah, mengajarkan Fiqh dasar, namun tampak ummat kurang bersemangat menerima bimbingannya, dan Hb munzir terus mencari sebab agar masyarakat ini asyik kepada kedamaian, meninggalkan kemungkaran dan mencintai sunnah sang Nabi saw, maka Hb Munzir merubah penyampaiannya, ia tidak lagi membahas permasalahan Fiqih dan kerumitannya, melainkan mewarnai bimbingannya dengan nasehat-nasehat mulia dari Hadits-hadits Rasul saw dan ayat Alqur'an dengan Amr Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar, dan lalu beliau memperlengkap penyampaiannya dengan bahasa Sastra yang dipadu dengan kelembutan ilahi dan tafakkur penciptaan alam semesta, yang kesemuanya di arahkan agar masyarakat menjadikan Rasul saw sebagai idola, maka pengunjung semakin padat hingga ia memindahkan Majelis dari Musholla ke musholla, lalu Musholla pun tak mampu menampung hadirin yang semakin padat, maka Munzir memindahkan Majelisnya dari Masjid ke Masjid secara bergantian.

Mulailah timbul permintaan agar Majelis ini diberi nama, Hb Munzir dengan polos menjawab, "Majelis Rasulullah?", karena memang tak ada yang dibicarakan selain ajaran Rasul saw dan membimbing mereka untuk mencintai Allah dan Rasul Nya, dan pada dasarnya semua Majelis taklim adalah Majelis Rasulullah saw..

Majelis kian memadat, maka Munzir mengambil empat masjid besar yang bergantian setiap malam selasa, yaitu masjid Raya Almunawar Pancoran Jakarta Selatan, Masjid Raya At Taqwa Pasar minggu Jakarta Selatan, Masjid Raya At Taubah Rawa Jati Jakarta Selatan, dan Ma`had Daarul Ishlah Pimp. KH. Amir Hamzah di Jalan Raya Buncit Kalibata Pulo, Namun karena hadirin semakin bertambah, maka Hb Munzir akhirnya memusatkan Majelis Malam selasa ini di

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Senin, 15 November 2010

Online Marketing: Strategi Pemasaran Online

Online Marketing merupakan kegiatan komunikasi pemasaran dengan menggunakan media Internet. Pada awalnya menggunakan halaman-halaman statis berformat HTML yang bisa diakses oleh pengguna Internet. Itulah awal dari website yang kemudian menjadi semacam 'brosur online' dan bahkan ‘kantor kedua’ bagi perusahaan-perusahaan untuk menampilkan jati dirinya ke seluruh dunia.
Pada perkembangannya online marketing tidak hanya menggunakan media website, namun juga email dan aplikasi-aplikasi lain yang berjalan di atas protocol Internet.

Sebagai bagian dari kegiatan marketing dengan menggunakan media Internet, online advertising (periklanan di Internet) menjadi kajian yang menarik bagi para marketer khususnya dan dunia usaha umumnya.

Apa sebenarnya periklanan di Internet itu?
Pada awalnya periklanan di media Internet adalah memindahkan materi iklan yang sudah berjalan di media konvensional (televisi, majalah, surat kabar) ke dalam website. Namun pada perkembangannya, pemanfaatan karakteristik media Internet mampu memaksimalkan hasil yang didapat melalui aktifitas periklanan di Internet. Hal tersebut menjadikan media Internet kini dipakai sebagai bagian dari bauran pemasaran (marketing mix) dengan pendekatan yang berbeda sesuai dengan karakteristik media dan target audiens yang ingin dicapai.

Aktifitas yang lazim dipakai dalam periklanan di media Internet adalah memasang banner (banner ad). Namun tuntutan komunikasi pemasaran yang makin kompleks tidak cukup hanya dengan cara seperti itu. Dibutuhkan strategi, kreatifitas dan pengukuran yang akurat serta mengkonvergensikan kemungkinan yang ada. Misalnya, menggunakan strategi viral melalui email marketing, membangun situs khusus produk yang terpisah dari corporate site, merancang webtorial pages, membuat advert-gaming, mensinergikan dengan mobile marketing, online survey/polling dan strategi lainnya.

Selain aktifitas periklanan di atas, ada juga teknik periklanan yang lebih murah dan efisien, yaitu menggunakan mesin pencari ( Search Engine Otimization ). Dengan SEO, website akan mudah ditemukan di mesin pencari dan kemungkinan dikunjungi semakin tinggi karena saat ini 80% pengguna internet mencari data dengan memanfaatkan mesin pencari sebagai basis awal pencarian.

Masih banyak kemungkinan pengembangan lain pada periklanan di Internet. Bersama online marketing consultant Jojashop.com, anda akan siap mewujudkan tercapainya online markerting campaign Anda dengan pendekatan yang efektif dan efisien.

BISNIS ONLINE GRATIS

Bisnis Online-Cara Cari Uang di Internet dengan Produk Informasi

Cara mencari uang di internet dengan Produk Informasi - Temukan cara untuk mencari uang dar internet dengan menjualproduk informasi online - bahkan jika Anda tidak memiliki produk Anda sendiri! Jika Anda sedang mencari cara untuk mencari uang...

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Selasa, 26 Oktober 2010

Environmental pollution

Environmental pollution is contamination of air, water and land from man-made waste. Pollution leads to depletion of the ozone layer, global warming and climate change. Air pollution is the release of chemicals and particles into the atmosphere. Water pollution includes surface runoff, leakage into groundwater, liquid spills, wastewater discharge and littering. If toxins are spilled on the ground or if an underground storage tank leaks, soil can become contaminated. Well known contaminants include herbicides and pesticides. Toxic waste is waste material, often in chemical form, which pollutes the natural environment and contaminates groundwater.

Other types of pollution include ocean pollution and noise pollution. Environmental pollution can have a deadly effect on humans and ecosystems. For example, cigarette smoke, including second-hand smoke, causes cancer, emphysema, stroke and heart attack. Drinking water can become contaminated by untreated sewage, rashes and skin problems occur due to oil spills, while excessive noise can cause hearing loss. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970 to put a limit on the amount of pollutants in the air. Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1963, the Noise Control Act in 1972 and the Clean Water Act in 1977. Pollution is a bigger concern in other parts of the world, especially developing countries. Time Magazine reported in 2007 that the most polluted spots in the world included China, India, Peru and Russia.

Management Information System

Management Information System

Management Information System
Overall information system not only contained in management information systems, because not all information in the organization can be incorporated into a fully automated system. Key aspects of information systems will always exist outside the computer system.
In the business development of sophisticated management information system with computer-based needs of people who have high skill and long experience and requires the participation of the managers of the organization. Since many organizations fail to develop management information systems due to:
First, the lack of proper organization
Second, the lack of adequate planning
Third, the lack of skilled personnel
Fourth, lack of management participation in the form of participation of managers in designing the system, control system development efforts and motivate all personnel involved.
Good management information system is a management information system capable of balancing costs and benefits to be gained means that the SIM will save costs, increase revenue and immeasurable arising from the information very useful.
Organizations need to realize when they are quite realistic in their desires, meticulous in designing and implementing the SIM and the natural desire to fit in determining the cost limit from the point of the potential benefits, then the resulting SIM will provide benefits and money.
In a computer management information systems is not an absolute prerequisite in theory, but in practice good manajemenyang information system would not exist without the help of computer processing capability. The main principle of the design of management information systems: Information systems are carefully woven manajemenharus to be able to serve the primary task.
Management information system aims to meet the needs of the general information of all managers in the company or within organizational subunits company.Manajemenmenyediakan information system for user information in the form of reports and output from various simulation models of mathematics

Mount Everest

Mount Everest (Mount Sagarmāthā (Nepali: सगरमाथा), Tibetan: ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ; Chinese Zhumulangma Peak simplified Chinese: 珠穆朗玛峰; pinyin: Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng), Chajamlangma (Limbu), or Mount Chomolungma) is the world's highest mountain above sea level at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft). It is located in the Himalayas in Asia.
In 1856, the Great Trigonometric Survey of British India established the first published height of Everest, then known as Peak XV, at 29,002 ft (8,840 m). In 1865, Everest was given its official English name by the Royal Geographical Society upon recommendation of Andrew Waugh, the British Surveyor General of India at the time, who named it after his predecessor in the post, and former chief, Sir George Everest.^[4] Chomolungma had been in common use by Tibetans for centuries, but Waugh was unable to propose an established local name because Nepal and Tibet were closed to foreigners.
The highest mountain in
the world attracts many well-experienced mountaineers as well as novice climbers who are willing to pay substantial sums to professional mountain guides to complete a successful climb. The mountain, while not posing substantial technical climbing difficulty on the standard route (other eight-thousanders such as K2 or Nanga Parbat are much more difficult), still has many inherent dangers such as altitude sickness, weather and wind. By the end of the 2008 climbing season, there had been 4,102 ascents to the summit by about 2,700 individuals.^[5] Climbers are a significant source of tourist revenue for Nepal, whose government also requires all prospective climbers to obtain an expensive permit, costing up to US $ 25,000 per person.^[6] By the end of 2009 Everest had claimed 216 lives,^[5] including eight who perished during a 1996 storm high on the mountain. Conditions are so difficult in the death zone (altitudes higher than 8,000 m/26,246 ft) that most corpses have been left where they fell. Some of them are visible from standard climbing routes.

Blood on our Hands

Blood on our hands

Blood on our hands
Shulamit Aloni amazed by public’s ability to get caught up in wave of patriotic zeal over Gaza op
Shulamit Aloni
Hamas men and their leaders belong to the evil camp, and their hatred for us made them cast away the rational inhibitions required of a leadership that is concerned for the wellbeing of its citizens. Indeed, Hamas’ conduct ever since the Gaza withdrawal and subsequent election victory does not merit any praise. However, Strip residents who are captives of Hamas’ leadership – women, the elderly, children, students, lecturers, hospitals, doctors, and patients – do not have to be punished with destruction, death, and bereavement because of the despicable acts of their leaders.
It is doubtful whether the method of punishment adopted by the State of Israel for some years now, in the form of targeting populated areas, dropping one-ton bombs on civilian neighborhoods, and using cluster bombs, has any effect or wisdom.
The defense minister declared that the time for war has arrived, in order to put an end to the criminal harassment in the form of murderous rockets fired from Gaza at our communities. Well, the IDF embarked on war with much force, knowledge, and advanced planning in order to sow fear and horror on Gaza civilians and leaders. And it worked for him! There, the defense minister already gained five Knesset seats in pre-election polls. The defense minister is happy, and the people - proud of their glorious army - are already resorting to exaggerated passion and are vowing to elect the hero and his party.
Yet why did he abandon Gilad Shalit? Why didn’t he secure his release before embarking on the operation? Hamas demanded the release of prisoners, and we argued that many of them have blood on their hands, yet when it comes to killing and assassinations we are much more capable than them. Within the first 24 hours of the operation we killed more than 300 people, including two innocent girls, not to mention the victims we killed between this operation and previous ones.
Why did our well organized army, with its excellent intelligence capabilities, object to the release of Palestinian prisoners, when we could send them back home and later assassinate them in the heat of the battle? After all, we are already used to assassinations from the air, sea, at hideouts, or in populated neighborhoods. Assassinate – that is, to kill and murder.
Moreover, the people who drop our bombs do not get stained with blood. Our system is simple: There is no need for evidence or for a trial. Once we decide that a certain someone is wanted, one bang and he’s gone. Recently, the army was also granted permission to kill civilians who happen to be near a wanted person; this was published in the press about two weeks ago next to a photo of a smiling army chief.
There is no doubt that had the defense minister first secured the release of our captive soldier, he would have gained more than five Knesset seats. He may have even been crowned as the king of Israel.

Microsoft Corporation

Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system (OS) market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of OSs. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Microsoft would come to dominate other markets as well, notably the office suite market with Microsoft Office.
Primarily in the 1990s, critics contend the company used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies including refusal to deal and tying, put unreasonable restrictions in the use of its software, and used misrepresentative marketing tactics; both the U.S. Department of Justice and European Commission found the company in violation of antitrust laws.
Known for its interviewing process with obscure questions, various studies and ratings were generally favorable to Microsoft's diversity within the company as well as its overall environmental impact with the exception of the electronics portion of the business.

Rafflesia Flower

Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants. It contains approximately 27 species (including four incompletely characterized species as recognized by Willem Meijer in 1997), all found in southeastern Asia, on the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines.
Rafflesia was found in the Indonesian rain forest by an Indonesian guide working for Dr. Joseph Arnold in 1818, and named after Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, the leader of the expedition. It was discovered even earlier by Louis Deschamps in Java between 1791 and 1794, but his notes and illustrations, seized by the British in 1803, were not available to western science until 1861.^{[citation needed]}
The plant has no stems, leaves or true roots. It is an endoparasite of vines in the genus Tetrastigma (Vitaceae), spreading its absorptive organ, the haustorium, inside the tissue of the vine. The only part of the plant that can be seen outside the host vine is the five-petaled flower. In some species, such as Rafflesia arnoldii, the flower may be over 100 centimetres (39 in) in diameter, and weigh up to 10 kilograms (22 lb). Even the smallest species, R. baletei, has 12 cm diameter flowers. The flowers look and smell like rotting flesh, hence its local names which translate to "corpse flower" or "meat flower" (but see below). The vile smell that the flower gives off attracts insects such as flies, which transport pollen from male to female flowers. Most species have separate male and female flowers, but a few have bisexual flowers. Little is known about seed dispersal. However, tree shrews and other forest mammals apparently eat the fruits and disperse the seeds. Rafflesia is an official state flower of Indonesia, also Sabah state in Malaysia, as well as for the Surat Thani Province, Thailand.
The name "corpse flower" applied to Rafflesia is confusing because this common name also refers to the Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum) of the family Araceae. Moreover, because Amorphophallus has the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, it is sometimes mistakenly credited as having the world's largest flower. Both Rafflesia and Amorphophallus are flowering plants, but they are still distantly related. Rafflesia arnoldii has the largest single flower of any flowering plant, at least when one judges this by weight. Amorphophallus titanum has the largest unbranched inflorescence, while the Talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera) forms the largest branched inflorescence, containing thousands of flowers; this plant is monocarpic, meaning that individuals die after flowering.

Batic,Traditional Fabric of Indonesia

Batik, Traditional Fabric of Indonesia

It would be impossible to visit or live in Indonesia and not be exposed to one of the country's most highly developed art forms, batik. On your first visit to a batik store or factory you will undoubtedly experience an overwhelming stimulation of the senses - due to the many colors, patterns and the actual smell of batik. Only through repeated visits and a bit of study will the types of designs and their origins become apparent.

The word batik is thought to be derived from the word 'ambatik' which translated means 'a cloth with little dots'. The suffix 'tik' means little dot, drop, point or to make dots. Batik may also originate from the Javanese word 'tritik' which describes a resist process for dying where the patterns are reserved on the textiles by tying and sewing areas prior to dying, similar to tie dye techniques. Another Javanese phase for the mystical experience of making batik is “mbatik manah” which means “drawing a batik design on the heart”.
A Brief History

Although experts disagree as to the precise origins of batik, samples of dye resistance patterns on cloth can be traced back 1,500 years ago to Egypt and the Middle East. Samples have also been found in Turkey, India, China, Japan and West Africa from past centuries. Although in these countries people were using the technique of dye resisting decoration, within the textile realm, none have developed batik to its present day art form as the highly developed intricate batik found on the island of Java in Indonesia.

King Kertajasa East Java 1294-1309Although there is mention of 'fabrics highly decorated' in Dutch transcripts from the 17th century, most scholars believe that the intricate Javanese batik designs would only have been possible after the importation of finely woven imported cloth, which was first imported to Indonesia from India around the 1800s and afterwards from Europe beginning in 1815. Textile patterns can be seen on stone statues that are carved on the walls of ancient Javanese temples such as Prambanan (AD 800), however there is no conclusive evidence that the cloth is batik. It could possibly be a pattern that was produced with weaving techniques and not dying. What is clear is that in the 19th century batik became highly developed and was well ingrained in Javanese cultural life.

Some experts feel that batik was originally reserved as an art form for Javanese royalty. Certainly it's royal nature was clear as certain patterns were reserved to be worn only by royalty from the Sultan's palace. Princesses and noble women may have provided the inspiration for the highly refined design sense evident in traditional patterns. It is highly unlikely though that they would be involved in any more than the first wax application. Most likely, the messy work of dyeing and subsequent waxings was left to court artisans who would work under their supervision.

Javanese royalty were known to be great patrons of the arts and provided the support necessary to develop many art forms, such as silver ornamentation, wayang kulit (leather puppets) and gamelan orchestras. In some cases the art forms overlap. The Javanese dalang (puppeteer) not only was responsible for the wayang puppets but was also Tambil Miring Designan important source of batik patterns. Wayang puppets are usually made of goat skin, which is then perforated and painted to create the illusion of clothing on the puppet. Used puppets were often sold to eager ladies who used the puppets as guides for their batik patterns. They would blow charcoal through the holes that define the patterns of clothing on the puppets, in order to copy the intricate designs onto the cloth.

Other scholars disagree that batik was only reserved as an art form for royalty, as they also feel its use was prevalent with the rakyat, the people. It was regarded an important part of a young ladies accomplishment that she be capable of handling a canting (the pen-like instrument used to apply wax to the cloth) with a reasonable amount of skill, certainly as important as cookery and other housewifery arts to Central Javanese women.

AIR POLUTION

An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.^[2]
Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories.
Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone — one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.
Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.
About 4 percent of deaths in the United States can be attributed to air pollution, according to the Environmental Science Engineering Program at the Harvard School of Public Health.
Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:

Sulfur oxides (SO_x) - especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO₂. SO₂ is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO₂, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO₂, forms H₂SO₄, and thus acid rain.[2] This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.
Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) - especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO₂. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO₂ is one of the most prominent air pollutants.
Carbon monoxide - is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) - a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion but is also a gas vital to living organisms. It is a natural gas in the atmosphere.
Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH₄) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses.

Particulate matter - Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease,^[3] altered lung function and lung cancer.

Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease.^[4]^[5]

MOLECULAR CLONING

Molecular cloning

Main article: Molecular cloning

Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production. Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning. In practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify the relevant genomic sequence. To amplify any DNA sequence in a living organism, that sequence must be linked to an origin of replication, which is a sequence of DNA capable of directing the propagation of itself and any linked sequence. However, a number of other features are needed and a variety of specialised cloning vectors (small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow protein expression, tagging, single stranded RNA and DNA production and a host of other manipulations.
Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps^[3]

fragmentation - breaking apart a strand of DNA
ligation - gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence
transfection - inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into cells
screening/selection - selecting out the cells that were successfully transfected with the new DNA

Although these steps are invariable among cloning procedures a number of alternative routes can be selected, these are summarized as a 'cloning strategy'.
Initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, a ligation procedure is used where the amplified fragment is inserted into a vector (piece of DNA). The vector (which is frequently circular) is linearised using restriction enzymes, and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions with an enzyme called DNA ligase. Following ligation the vector with the

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Selasa, 19 Oktober 2010

Blood Rain in India

The whole world because in India splashy rain blood. Really raining red. The answer is true. This natural phenomenon, actually since the date of July 25 and September 23, 2001, the rain falls down with a wide red. Just cash it makes the world community was shocked. There was what was like this. Moreover, the rain fell in southern India's Kerala region overwhelmingly believe in the greatness of god. It was raining heavily and colored merahdan other colors are yellow, pink and green. Actually, the black rain in Kerala pernahterjadi also concentrated around the beginning of 1896 and several times since then.

At first, the experts argued that it was caused by the impact of venomena hypothetical meteor burst, but from the research conducted by the Indian government knows and they concluded that the rain which fell dikerala air caused by spores from local terrestrial algae productive.

Especially the year 2006 the blood-colored rain came down in southern Kerala India, this is massively covered by media both locally and worldwide. Furthermore, the Indian State governments continued to conduct research on a rare natural phenomenon, the next Godfrey Louis and Santhosh Kumar of Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam proposed research on the controversial hypothesis that the colored particles extraterrestrial cells.

The first rain fell in Kottayam and Idukki districts in the southern region of India. Not only red rain, the first 10 days of rain were reported yellow, green and even black. After 10 days, rainfall intensity subsided until September.

The rain fell only on a limited region and usually only lasts about 20 minutes per rain. The local residents find the clothes dried in the sun turns red like blood. Local residents also reported the sound of explosions and light rain that preceded the explosion is believed to be a meteor.

Rain water samples are taken soon to be investigated by the Indian government and scientists. One of the independent scientists who examined them was Godfrey Louis and Santosh Kumara from the University of Mahatma Gandhi.

They collected more than 120 reports from local residents and collect samples of red rain water from areas along 100 km. The first time they thought that the red particles are particles in the water-borne sand of the desert Arabs.

This never happened in July 1968 where the sand from the Sahara carried by the wind to cause red rain in England. But they found that the red elements in the water is not a grain of sand, but the living cells.

The composition of these cells consisted of 50% Carbon, 45% oxygen and 5% other elements such as iron and sodium, consistent with the other components of biological cells, and cells were also dividing. The cell was between 30-10 micrometers in diameter with a thick cell wall and has a variation in membrane nanostructure.

But there is no identifiable nucleus. Each cubic meter of samples taken, there are 100 grams of red elements. So when summed, then from July to September there were 50 tons of spilled red particles to Earth.

At the University of Sheffield, UK, an expert named Milton Wainwright microbiologically confirmed that the red elements are living cells. This is stated because Wainwright had found the DNA of the cell elements, although he has not managed to extract it.

Because of the red particles are living cells, the scientists theorized that particles that are blood red. According to them, possibly meteorite exploded in the air had been massacred a group of bats in the air. But this theory was rejected because of lack of evidence that supports such as bat wings who fell to earth.

By linking between the sound of explosions and light rain that preceded it, Louis put forward the theory that the red cells are extra-terrestrial beings. Louis concluded that the red material came from a comet entering the earth's atmosphere and exploded over the skies of India.

A study conducted by doctoral students from Queen's University, Ireland named Patrick McCafferty find a record of history linking colored rain with meteor explosion.

McCafferty analyzed 80 reports of colored rains, 20 reports of water turned into blood, and 68 examples of similar phenomena like black rain, milk or honey rain that falls from the sky.

36 percent of those samples was connected with the

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Diposkan oleh Mahmudah Rahmatillah di 06.34 0 komentar

History of technology

The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques, and is similar in many ways to the history of humanity. Background knowledge has enabled people to create new things, and conversely, many scientific endeavors have become possible through technologies which assist humans to travel to places we could not otherwise go, and probe the nature of the universe in more detail than our natural senses allow.
Technological artifacts are products of an economy, a force for economic growth, and a large part of everyday life. Technological innovations affect, and are affected by, a society's cultural traditions. They also are a means to develop and project military power.

Measuring technological progress

Many sociologists and anthropologists have created social theories dealing with social and cultural evolution. Some, like Lewis H. Morgan, Leslie White, and Gerhard Lenski, declare technological progress to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization. Morgan's concept of three major stages of social evolution (savagery, barbarism, and civilization) can be divided by technological milestones, like fire, the bow, and pottery in the savage era, domestication of animals, agriculture, and metalworking in the barbarian era and the alphabet and writing in the civilization era.
Instead of specific inventions, White decided that the measure by which to judge the evolution of culture was energy. For White "the primary function of culture" is to "harness and control energy." White differentiates between five stages of human development: In the first, people use energy of their own muscles. In the second, they use energy of domesticated animals. In the third, they use the energy of plants (agricultural revolution). In the fourth, they learn to use the energy of natural resources: coal, oil, gas. In the fifth, they harness nuclear energy. White introduced a formula P=E*T, where E is a measure of energy consumed, and T is the measure of efficiency of technical factors utilizing the energy. In his own words, "culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work is increased". Russian astronomer, Nikolai Kardashev, extrapolated his theory creating the Kardashev scale, which categorizes the energy use of advanced civilizations.
Lenski takes a more modern approach and focuses on information. The more information

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Diposkan oleh Mahmudah Rahmatillah di 07.01 0 komentar

President leaves to Makassar for governors working Confab

Tuesday, October 19, 2010 15:07 WIB | National | | Viewed 203 time(s)

Jakarta (ANTARA News) - President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono left for Makassar, Tuesday morning, to open a working meeting of all governors of Indonesia.

The President and First Lady Ani Yudhoyono left Halim Perdanakusuma airport here at 6.15 am on board a Garuda Indonesia aircraft for a two and a half hours flight.

Beside opening the working meeting, Yudhoyono is also scheduled to inaugurate several infrastructure projects in South Sulawesi, while the First Lady meets the wives of the governors.

The President is scheduled to fly back to Jakarta on Tuesday at 16.50 pm.

Several Ministers are accompanying the President including Coordinating Minister for People`s Welfare Agung Laksono, Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs Djoko Suyanto, Minister/State Secretary Sudi Silalahi, Cabinet Secretary Dipo Alam, Minister of Sea and Fisheries Fadel Muhammad, Minister of National Development Plan/National Development Planning Board Armida Alisjahbana and Minister of Youth and Sports Andi Mallarangeng. (*)

Palu immigration hunting problematic Indian national

Tuesday, October 19, 2010 15:10 WIB | National | | Viewed 213 time(s)

Palu, C Sulawesi (ANTARA News) - The Palu immigration office has launched a hunt for a problematic Indian national identified as Sunil Dut, a spokesman said.

Yusus Sadu, head of the Local immigration detention center, said here on Tuesday there was information that Sunil Dut was hiding in Tojo Una-una district in the province.

"We have tried to hunt him at a location believed to be his hideout at a mining area in Bulan village but we failed to reach the location because of the treacherous terrain," Yusus said.

He said the mining area was located on a mountain slope, some 70 kilometers from

Balingara village on the trans Sulawesi highway on the Poso-Ampana axis road.

"We only reached Balinggara village and then returned to Palu because the car we traveled in was not sturdy enough to reach the intended location," Yusus said.

According to him, Sunil Dut, the Indian national had violated immigration law because his passport had expired 8 years ago but he had never have it extended.

Yusus said Sunil should have left Indonesia when his passport expired but he remained somewhere in Central Sulawesi up to the present.

Meanwhile, Bong (17 years), a Filipino fishermen who was stranded on an outer island in Tolitoli district in September 2010 was still at the Palu immigration detention house.

"We have yet to deport Bong to his country of origin because we have not yet received confirmation on his nationality from the Philippine consulate general in Manado, North Sulawesi," Yusus said.(*)

APEC countries to develop agriculture in sustainable ways

Tuesday, October 19, 2010 15:12 WIB | National | | Viewed 213 time(s)

Jakarta (ANTARA News) - Countries grouped in the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum have agreed to develop their agriculture in sustainable ways to help solve the global issue of food security, Agriculture Minister Suwono said.

"Food security has now become a serious and urgent global problem that needs to be addressed immediately," he said here Monday.

Suwono said the agreement to develop agriculture in sustainable ways was reached at the first Ministerial Meeting of APEC on Food Security held in Japan, October 16 - 17, 2010.

Nowadays, Suwono added, a quarter of the world`s population living in APEC countries was suffering from malnutrition and the condition was being worsened by natural disturbances interrupting the food supply in those countries.

Therefore, Suwono said , as a means to fulfill the demand of regional food supply and contribution against food security globally, APEC members were prepared to lend a hand in the agricultural sector.

In developing agriculture sustainability, Suswono said, APEC members should increase their food supply capacity and heighten their agricultural preparedness against natural disasters.

Development of rural communities and overcoming the challenge of global climate change ware also needed to solve the problem.

The minister said at the First APEC Ministerial Meeting on Food Security hold in Niigata, Japan, agreement was also reached to facilitate investment, trade and markets.

Promoting investment in agriculture, facilitating trade in food and agricultural products, reinforcing trust in agriculture markets and improving the security of food supply and trade were needed to overcome the food security problem.

At the meeting, the ministers from APEC countries also issued a Niigata Declaration on APEC Food on Security to which Indonesia contributed two points on efforts to achieve sustainable food security.

The two points stressed the importance of local resources in effecting food diversification and regional cooperation in overcoming food emergencies in the Asia Pacific region. (*)

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